Quantum Internet Protocols

Quantum Internet Protocols

Laura DeNardis

9/09/2022
(Original Publish Date: 8/4/2022)

What do quantum computing advancements mean for Internet infrastructure? The Internet’s technical architecture is wholly digital. Binary code (0s and 1s) can represent any type of information from text to video and be transmitted over a network with a necessary overlay of digital functions ranging from error checking and compression to addressing and encryption. This digital approach forms the basis of all infrastructures underlying social media, global financial systems, the Internet of Things, and all industry networks. Emerging quantum information approaches involve theoretical physics principles of superposition and entanglement. As such, quantum computing – and a shift from bits to “qubits” – promises exponentially more processing power, speed, and other innovative features that challenge prevailing approaches of Internet architecture and governance. One public policy concern is the credible threat quantum computing poses for the existing cryptographic trust systems – and especially public-key cryptography - upon which all communication now depends. While much of this concern relates to privacy, there is a much larger issue. Public-key cryptography constitutes the core infrastructures of trust that keep the Internet operational, including securing the Domain Name System and Virtual Private Networks and authenticating financial systems, human identity, and commercial transactions. This paper lays out which Internet trust infrastructures are implicated by the quantum computing tension with public key cryptography, describes how technical standards-setting institutions are responding, and concludes with Internet standards lessons for quantum standardization, including encryption standards politicization that invariably accompanies ambient national security concerns and geopolitical conflict.