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| Title: | "Report on A Survey of Schools of Engineering In the United States concerning Standards Education" |
| Author: | The Center for Global Standards Analysis |
| Publication Date: | March 1 2004 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | In the Fall 2003, the Center for Global Standards Analysis (“Center”) initiated a survey on standards education activities at schools of engineering among top universities in the United States.2 The purpose of the survey was to contact the school of engineering at each university and determine whether the school of engineering offers a separate course on standards, one or more lectures on standards, or whether the subject of standards is integrated into one or more existing curriculums. More than 100 universities were contacted. The response rate for the survey was approximately 20%. The Center believes responses provided by universities who responded are typical of most engineering schools in the United States, and represent a reasonably accurate picture of standards education within schools of engineering. Set forth below are the Center’s conclusions, survey questions and representative answers. |
| Link: | Full Text |
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| Title: | "A Standards Education Survey" |
| Author: | Donald Purcell |
| Publication Date: | March 1 2003 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | In the fall of 2002, the Center's Board embarked on a survey of individuals experienced in the development of private sector voluntary standards. The purpose of the survey was to gather information, ideas and concepts to help facilitate the further development of standards education programs. The Board requested each Member to contact at least 10 individuals and request them to participate in the survey. Participants in the survey included individuals from standards development organizations, associations, corporations, government departments and agencies, and testing laboratories. 75 individuals were contacted, 53 responded, a rate of approximately 70%. Many participants included comments in their response. These comments have been included in the survey. The survey is a "snapshot" that reflects the views and opinions of a very experienced group of individuals who devote considerable time and attention to the development of private sector voluntary standards. |
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| Title: | "A National Survey of United States Standardization Policies By The Center for Global Standards Analysis" |
| Author: | Donald Purcell |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2009 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | In the spring of 2009, the Center for Global Standards Analysis (“Center”) conducted a national survey concerning United States development policies for private-sector technology standards and standards education programs. Survey invitations were sent to private sector corporations, standards development organizations, firms and universities.1 The Center received 28 responses to the survey. The Center is very grateful to the organizations and individuals for the time and effort used to respond to the survey. |
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| Title: | "A National Survey of United States Standards Education Content and Priorities Among Standards Education Groups" |
| Author: | Donald Purcell |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | In the spring of 2010, the Center for Global Standards Analysis (“Center”) conducted a national survey concerning United States Standards Education Content and Priorities Among Standards Education Groups. Survey invitations were sent to private sector corporations, standards development organizations, firms and universities.1 The Center received 17 responses to the survey. |
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| Title: | "The Strategic Value of Standards Education" |
| Author: | Donald Purcell |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2008 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | In the spring of 2008, the Center for Global Standards Analysis (“Center”) conducted a global survey concerning the question: Do standards education programs have a strategic value? Survey invitations were sent to corporations, standards development organizations, government departments, agencies, universities and firms worldwide.1 The Center received 11 responses to the survey. Respondents included the following standards developing organizations, universities, government agencies and firms: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASTM International, BSI British Standards, China National Institute of Standardization, CSK Holdings Corporation, Hitotsubashi University, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Japanese Standards Association, McDermott, Will & Emery, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado (Boulder). Note virtually all respondents indicated their comments expressed their personal views rather than the organization that employs them. |
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| Title: | "Essential Patents and Coordination Mechanisms: The Effects of Patent Pools and Industry Consortia on the Interplay between Patents and Technological Standards" |
| Author: | Justus Baron Tim Christoph Pohlmann |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | August 11 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | This article investigates the interplay between formal standards, essential patents and informal industry alliances such as consortia and patent pools. Building upon more than 6.200 declarations of essential patents to major international Standard Development Organizations (SDO), we investigate how informal standardization consortia and patent pools influence the number and timing of patent declarations to formal SDOs. This is the first thorough empirical investigation of the effectiveness of industry-driven coordination mechanisms addressing the problems raised by the high number of patents. We find that patent pools increase the number of declared essential patents controlling for the effects of standardization. On the other hand, informal consortia reduce the number of patent declarations at given standardization activity. These findings confirm results in the literature that patent pools provide incentives for strategic patent files and that informal standardization consortia have a regulatory function on the firms’ patent strategies. |
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| Title: | "Attributes and Dynamic Development Phases of Informal ICT Standards Consortia" |
| Author: | Tim Christoph Pohlmann |
| Publication Date: | July 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | July 2 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Theoretical and empirical analyses about informal consortia are not yet able to entirely illustrate the informal standard setting landscape. This paper tries to provide a broad and comprehensive picture of informal standards consortia and their dynamic development in the past ten years. Analyses show that consortia have distinct characteristics which help to position and explain their existence in the standard setting context. Furthermore the observation of consortia survival identifies relationships between the formation, termination and merger of consortia and market development. The paper is thus able to reveal unique consortia features such as flexibility in formation and speed of reaction to market needs. Formal standardization is in contrast an often protracted process of development and negotiation. Involvement in informal standard setting is less bureaucratic and allows, in respect to the tiered membership structures, a strategic influence from participating firms. These main insights justify a distinct research on the role of informal standard setting in the ICT industry. |
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| Title: | "Standardization: Fundamentals, Impact, and Business Strategy" |
| Author: | Dong-Geun Choi Byung-Goo Kang Taeha Kim Manubu Eto Mingshun Song John Henry |
| Publication Date: | June 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | June 28 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | This textbook is the third “Education Guideline” produced with the funding provided for the APEC Strategic Standards and Conformance Education Program. The first Education Guideline, ‘Case Studies of How to Plan and Implement Standards Education Programs and Strategic Curriculum Model (APEC#209-CT-03.3),’ was published in March 2008. The second Education Guideline, ‘Strategy for Education and Outreach on Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Technical Regulations (APEC#208-CT-03.3),’ was published in July 2009. The objective of this third guideline, ‘Standardization: Fundamentals, Impacts, and Business Strategy’, is to provide a common reference textbook on standardization for the graduate program in higher education in the APEC region. This textbook can also be used in the senior level of the undergraduate program as well as professional training for business managers and government officials. This textbook is an outcome of the APEC project CTI20/2008T jointly funded by the APEC and Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS). The project of developing this textbook was proposed and managed by the Korean Standards Association (KSA). Since there are few textbooks on standardization, individual economies particularly developing economies were faced with the challenging task of developing teaching materials due to the lack of experiences and resources. Moreover, individual developments may cause the overlapping consumption of resources in fulfillment of the same goal. In this sense, we believe that the development of this teaching material will not only enable members to save time and efforts in the process but also build the fundamental bases for future education on standardization in the region, one that will increase public awareness in companies and public authorities in member economies in addition to universities; thus contributing to trade facilitation in our region. |
| Link: | Full Text |
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| Title: | "Survey of Patent Pools Demonstrates Variety of Purposes and Management Structures" |
| Author: | David Serafino |
| Publication Date: | June 4 2007 |
| Date Added: | June 28 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | The collective management of intellectual property rights is a term used to describe methods of managing large portfolios of intellectual property assets, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, know-how and data. Patent pools are one such mechanism. A “patent pool” is an agreement between two or more patent owners to license one or more of their patents to one another or to third parties. In its 2001 White Paper on Patent Pools, the USPTO said, “A patent pool allows interested parties to gather all the necessary tools to practice a certain technology in one place, e.g, ‘one-stop shopping,’ rather than obtaining licenses from each patent owner individually.” |
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| Title: | "Expanding the Role of NIST: ReconnectingGovernment to Standards Development" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | April 2 2010 |
| Date Added: | June 28 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Over the past 100 years, the United States has evolved a unique separation of responsibilities in the standards area: the private sector standards development process provides almost all of the standards needed by government as well as the marketplace, with the governmental agencies (since 1995) obliged to participate in that process, and to report annually to Congress on their compliance with this charge. In parallel, since 1901, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has performed a multipurpose role supporting industry and science, including by defining and providing the means to test for weights and measures. However, the advent of the Internet and other recent technological advances presents complex, cross-sectoral, standards-reliant opportunities, as well as challenges to the national interest at home and national competitiveness abroad that this existing system is ill-equipped to address. A new bill in the House of Representatives would provide an important first step towards creating the type of public-private collaboration needed to address such challenges. |
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| Title: | "Editorial: H.R. 5116: It's Time to Close the "Standards Sophistication Gap"" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | April 2 2010 |
| Date Added: | June 28 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | There is a bill in committee in the House of Representatives that would take an important first step towards making America more standards-competitive in international trade. |
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| Title: | "A National Survey of United States Standardization Policies ByThe Center for Global Standards Analysis" |
| Author: | Donald Purcell |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2009 |
| Date Added: | April 8 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | The primary purpose of the survey was intended to evaluate the effects of globalization on current United States policies related to the development of private-sector technology standards and whether any changes should be made to United States policies for development of such standards. The second purpose of the survey was to evaluate United States efforts being made to achieve the goals and objectives on standards education as set forth in the United States Standards Strategy, Section 10. |
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| Title: | "Dissecting the Consortium: a Uniquely Flexible Platform for Collaboration" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | February 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | March 22 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | The opportunities and imperatives for collaborative action of all kinds among both for-profit and non-profit entities are growing as the world becomes more interconnected and problem solving becomes less susceptible to unilateral action. Those activities include research and development, information acquisition and sharing, group purchasing, open source software and content creation, applying for government grant funding, and much more. At the same time, the rapid spread of Internet and Web accessibility allows collaborative activities to be undertaken more easily, and among more widely distributed participants, than has ever been possible before. But while the technology enabling collaboration has become ubiquitous, hard-won knowledge regarding best practices, successful governance structures, and appropriate legal frameworks for forming and managing successful collaborative activities has yet to be widely shared. As a result, those wishing to launch new collaborative projects may have difficulty finding reliable guidance in order to create structures appropriate to support their activities. In this article, I provide a list of attributes that define and functions that are common to consortia, an overview of how their activities are typically staffed and supported, a comparative taxonomy of the existing legal/governance structures that have been created to address them, and an overview of the legal concerns which consortium founders need to address. |
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| Title: | "Editorial: Enabling a New Age Collaboration" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | February 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | March 22 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Collaboration has always been an essential part of human activity, but until the advent of the Internet, the technological means by which non-local collaboration could occur seldom progressed to any meaningful extent. Only three great enabling leaps forward preceded the current century: the invention of the printing press, which allowed ideas to spread farther, faster, and to more recipients; modern transportation, which allowed people to travel farther, faster and more often to meet with others; and the modern telecommunications system, which allowed real-time interaction to occur across great distances, albeit mostly on a one-on-one basis. |
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| Title: | "Standardization for a Competitiveand Innovative Europe:a Vision for 2020" |
| Publication Date: | February 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | March 22 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | The European Standardization System (ESS) has been a central element in the delivery of the single European market, in particular, through the use of Directives in key areas under the ‘New Approach’ policy, integrated into the New Legislative Framework. As well as supporting the regulatory framework, studies at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels in various European countries and around the world have demonstrated the clear benefits of standards and standardization to the wider economy. |
| Link: | Full Text |
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| Title: | "IT Standards, Guidelines, and Tools and Techniques for Audit and Assurance and Control Professionals" |
| Publication Date: | March 1 2010 |
| Date Added: | March 22 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | The specialised nature of information technology (IT) audit and assurance and the skills necessary to perform such audits require standards that apply specifically to IT audit and assurance. One of the goals of ISACA® is to advance globally applicable standards to meet its vision. The development and dissemination of the IT Audit and Assurance Standards is a cornerstone of the ISACA professional contribution to the audit and assurance community. |
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| Title: | "Standardization as Emerging Content in Technology Education at all Levels of Education" |
| Author: | Dong Geun Choi Henk J. de Vries |
| Publication Date: | January 20 2010 |
| Date Added: | March 22 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Integration of standardization into different levels of technology education has surfaced as a critical issue for educational practitioners and policy makers at national and regional (APEC, EU) level. In this paper, we describe and analyze empirical data collected from 118 educational experiences and practices about technology standards and standardization in 21 countries of a regional variety. Specifically, this research examines standardization education programs these countries have implemented, and explores suggestive indications for the design and development of an educational policy for standardization. Online surveys, offline interviews, face-to-face meetings and case studies have been used to determine the way these standardization education programs are segmented and implemented in different contexts. The findings are consolidated into a framework for standardization education. The framework presents an applicable combination of target groups (who), appropriate learning objectives (why), probable program operators (where), prospective contents modules (what), and preferred teaching methods (how). This framework may contribute to planning and implementing more inclusive standardization education programs. |
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| Title: | "Competing on Standards? Entrepreneurship, Intellectual Property and Platform Technologies" |
| Author: | Timothy Simcoe Stuart J.H. Graham Maryann P. Feldman |
| Publication Date: | April 27 2009 |
| Date Added: | January 29 2010 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurs often rely on intellectual property (IP) to earn a return on their innovations, and also compatibility standards, which allow them to supply specialized components for a shared technology platform. This paper compares the IP strategies of small entrepreneurs and large incumbents that disclose patents at thirteen voluntary Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs). These patents have a relatively high litigation rate. For small private firms, the probability of filing a lawsuit increases after disclosure to the SSO. For large public firms, the filing rate is unchanged. While forward citations increase after disclosure for all firms, the size of this effect is the same for entrepreneurs and incumbents. These results suggest that standards increase the difference between large and small firms? incentives to litigate, rather than the relative value of their patents. We conclude that because specialized technology providers cannot seek rents in complementary markets, they defend IP more aggressively once it has been incorporated into an open platform. |
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| Title: | "Interview: XML Past, Present and Future: An Interview with Tim Bray" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | November 1 2009 |
| Date Added: | December 23 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | At the time what became the XML Working Group was chartered, Tim Bray was an Invited Expert with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and a friend of Jon Bosak, the project leader. He was also working as an independent consultant, making him the master of his own schedule. On the capability front, he had previously been the manager of a major text digitization project: the conversion of the Oxford English Dictionary. The rest, as they say, is history. |
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| Title: | "Editorial: Tagging the Noosphere" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | November 1 2009 |
| Date Added: | December 23 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Today, just 11 years after the first release of XML, there are hundreds of XML languages, schema and supporting standards. Because of standards like XML (and HTML and the Unicode), the noosphere has morphed from a philosopher's foil to a boundless resource to be mined by the great and the humble, the rich and the poor, wherever they may be. |
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| Title: | "XML and its Many Children: Bringing Order to a Digital World" |
| Author: | Andrew Updegrove |
| Publication Date: | November 1 2009 |
| Date Added: | December 23 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Prior to the advent of computers, information was necessarily stored in tangible media that was searchable and understandable only through visual examination. With the advent of the Internet, both the opportunity and the challenge of automated access to knowledge were magnified a billion times. In the 1990s, it became clear that the riches of digitized data could only be mined if elements of text could be identified in such a way that they could be readily exchanged between computer systems of any type without losing knowledge of their own format and structure. Moreover, by permanently "tagging" elements of text with semantic, as well as formatting information, the data in documents could become self-aware, allowing information to be more intelligently searched, manipulated, and compiled. The mechanism invented to achieve this end was a standard called the Extensible Markup Language (XML), a tool that was strict enough to achieve the interoperable exchange of information, but flexible enough to allow the creation of a derivative based language to order and make greater sense of any domain of knowledge. In this article, I describe the origins, development and impact of XML, and the standards development organizations that maintain and continue to develop these essential tools of the Digital Age. |
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| Title: | "Transforming Air Transport into a Concurrent Enterprise" |
| Author: | Ernst Kesseler |
| Publication Date: | June 1 2003 |
| Date Added: | November 24 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Historically air transport has taken a safety-first approach. To counteract the inherent dangers of flying, the industry is technology focussed with the continuation of its good safety record as the overriding requirement for all its activities. This has led to an industry where innovation tends to be technology driven. Independent assessment of the safety leads to certification of the equipment, operators, services, etc. used. The result has been specialised, safe, proprietary solutions for the various activities involved. However, these solutions experience a very low rate of innovation and are expensive, compared with the general market. Lack of competition helps to maintain the status quo. Currently economic pressure, passenger preferences, heightened security concerns and expected long-term traffic growth necessitate a paradigm shift from a technology-driven approach to a customer-oriented or service-oriented approach. This paper describes an industrial case study to determine whether an Internet-enabled service-based architecture could facilitate the transformation to a customer-oriented organisation. As the various services and systems are independently owned and operated, the integration aims for a federated network of co-operating entities. The lessons learned up to now are provided. As safety remains a prime concern, safety issues are discussed briefly to assess their impact on the architecture. After the tragic September 11, 2001 events, security has become more important. Some preliminary software related results are presented. |
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| Title: | "Safe Software Certification" |
| Author: | Ernst Kesseler |
| Publication Date: | September 1 2004 |
| Date Added: | November 24 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Both Europe and the US have set ambitious new goals to improve air transport by simultaneously increasing capacity, reducing cost while improving an already impressive safety record. This requires integration of the systems of the various actors involved. The virtual enterprise concept, supported by a network-centric architecture, offers one possible solution. A prototype demonstrates the technical feasibility of this approach. Work on a certifiable safety-critical Java subset, the language used to implement the prototype, demonstrates the technical feasibility for each required safety level. |
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| Title: | "Validation, Verification and Certification of Embedded Systems" |
| Author: | Dan Craigen Natalia Juristo Jacques Cazin Ernst Kesseler Robin Bloomfield |
| Publication Date: | October 1 2005 |
| Date Added: | November 24 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Discusses the important role of embedded systems in both the civil and military contexts. Given the importance, the validation, verification and certification (VV&C) of such systems are of increasing concern. The report discusses the current landscape of VV&C, expected evolution, and also identifies standards of note. The report concludes with various conclusions and recommendations drawn from the task groups deliberations. |
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| Title: | "Consistent Safety Objectives and COTS Versus Fragmented Certification Practices and Good Safety Records" |
| Author: | E. Kesseler |
| Publication Date: | August 1 2003 |
| Date Added: | November 24 2009 |
| Free/Fee: | Free |
| Abstract: | Air transport has evolved into a safe infrastructure due to a comprehensive set of safety standards covering all relevant aspects of flying. However, each standard has evolved independently and imposes specific, historically motivated, requirements that are not necessarily compatible. New challenges arise, such as punctuality and cost consciousness. General information technology trends, such as COTS and network-centric solutions, offer new opportunities to improve responsiveness and reduce time-to-market. The applicable air transport software safety standards for a specific integrated system are discussed. A comparison is made with software safety standards from the process, nuclear and medical industry, focussing on lessons-learned. The air transport case illustrates the need for and an opportunity to innovate software safety standardisation and certification and provides guidance for such standard innovation. |
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